It might be debatable if it was real since the man is not given a name and never shows up again. And I don't remember if he hallucinates Rita, but the episode is filled with flashbacks to when they first met and started dating.
However, as the show progresses, it becomes clear that Dexter is not really a 'text book' (by tv standards) sociopath, but a traumatised introvert that actually feels VERY deeply about others. His reaction to Rita's death, along with what he does for another character featured in season five, is the solid proof of Dexter's awakened humanity, but that in itself is what in part leads to Dexter having more problems in later seasons, where he doesn't always stick to the code or makes mistakes. So in a way this is like a lead-in for that idea. Even Rita's death was a byproduct of Dexter torn between the idea of wanting a companion to understand him/be himself with (something that was instilled in him the moment he learned of his brother, which even in that moment, Dexter choices Deb over Brian) and wanting to save the lives of children, since Arthur Mitchell totally defies Dexter's code.
Note: there are couple episodes though that are more surreal than others, such as the episode Left Turn Ahead in season seven...
Dexter Wikipedia - Season 5.01 My Bad - Plot Synopsis:
The boat runs out of gas and Dexter pulls in. In the store, he watches
as an angry man repeatedly rings the service bell to get the key to
the bathroom. When nobody comes, the man searches the desk until he
finds the key himself, and turns around, taking offense to the way
Dexter is staring at him and angrily calling him a retard for doing
so. Offended, Dexter follows him into the bathroom, and tries to earn
the man's sympathy by telling him that his wife died that week and it
was his fault. But the man doesn't seem to care and furiously responds
by saying (in a sarcastic, slightly skeptical tone of voice) "Well,
I'm real sorry for your fucking loss, but your dead wife can suck my
dick." An enraged Dexter attacks him, and after a brief fight, kills
him. As he backs away from the man's cadaver, Dexter looks into the
restroom mirror and sees Harry, who tells him that that's the first
human thing he'd done since his wife's death. Harry tells him that he
can show what hes feeling. Dexter finally lets his guard down and
starts to shriek from both anger and grief over losing Rita. Harry
tells him that he needs to go back. Dexter arrives at the funeral and
while giving heartfelt eulogy, he realizes that Rita wasn't just part
of a cover life-he actually did love her. http://dexter.wikia.com/wiki/Episode_501:_My_Bad
Edit:
I see Ankit Sharma found the name and his wiki page.