The game is likely based on hopscotch which is a kids' game that involves jumping from one square to another.
There are many variations of the game around the world. In the children's game (at least the variation I know), children mark out a court of squares, triangles, and/or semicircles which are numbered. There is no standard shape for the board, so it is up to the children's imagination. An example board is this:

A player throws a marker (which is usually a rock) to a numbered square. The player then must start from the beginning and jump from numbered block to the next number while skipping over the number that the marker landed on until they reach the other side.
This is similar to game five in which the players started on one side of the bridge. They then jumped from one glass square to the next, skipping squares that were brittle (or in most cases already broken by other players).
In South Korea it's called "sabangchigi" which seems to be played relatively the same way.
Edit:
@BCdotWEB answer brought up a game called Stepping Stones in which bridges across various terrains. The bridges are made of stone and one must walk or jump (depending on the spacing) from one to the other in order to cross.

The wall art from the show seems to indicate it does have some inspiration.

I did find a reference to the game in which teachers cut out different colored cardboard "rocks". The "rocks" are then lined up along a "river". The teacher then outlines the colors that the children must jump to in order to cross the river. If the child jumps on the wrong color rock, then they pretend a shark or crocodile will eat them, and the child must sit out for the rest of the game.